ATC A — Alimentary tract and metabolism

Famotidine is an oral and parenteral H2-receptor antagonist used in adults and children for gastro-oesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer disease and prevention of stress ulcers. It blocks histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion with a favourable safety profile.

Omeprazole is the prototypical proton pump inhibitor, used in adults and children for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, NSAID-induced ulcer prophylaxis and Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens.

Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used in adults and children for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, NSAID-induced ulcer prophylaxis and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is often preferred when CYP2C19 drug interactions are a concern.

Esomeprazole is the S-enantiomer of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor used in adults and children for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, NSAID-induced ulcer prophylaxis and Helicobacter pylori eradication.

Insulin glargine is a long-acting basal insulin analogue used in type 1 and selected type 2 diabetes. It provides a relatively flat 24-hour profile that mimics endogenous basal insulin secretion when used at a fixed daily time.

Metformin is an oral biguanide and first-line pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes. It lowers hepatic glucose production and improves peripheral insulin sensitivity, with a long record of clinical experience.

Sitagliptin is an oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor used in adults with type 2 diabetes. It improves glycaemic control by extending the half-life of endogenous incretin hormones, with a low intrinsic risk of hypoglycaemia.

Liraglutide is a once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist used in adult type 2 diabetes and, under a separate brand name, for chronic weight management. It improves glycaemic control and produces moderate weight reduction.

Dulaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist administered once weekly by subcutaneous injection. It is used in adults with type 2 diabetes to improve glycaemic control and to reduce major cardiovascular events.

Semaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist used in adult type 2 diabetes and, under separate brand names, for chronic weight management. It improves glycaemic control and reduces appetite.

Tirzepatide is a once-weekly subcutaneous peptide that activates both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors. It is approved in adults with type 2 diabetes and, under a separate brand, for chronic weight management.